> ## Content Index > Fetch the complete content index at: https://www.bodiesburied.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover other available public pages before exploring further. # §2R1.1 Bid-Rigging, Price-Fixing or Market-Allocation Agreements Among Competitors: Federal Sentences, Fiscal Year 2025 - URL: https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-guideline-2r1-1-bid-rigging-price-fixing-or-market-allocation-fy2025/ - Published: 2026-11-04T10:57:22.000Z - Updated: 2026-11-04T10:57:22.000Z - Description: In fiscal year 2025, 2 of the 18 people sentenced under §2R1.1 were convicted after a trial, and their median prison term was 33.5 months. The median after a guilty plea was 6 months. 9 people (50%) were sent to prison, and 16 (89%) pleaded guilty. - Author: Jocelyn C. Stewart - Tags: Understanding Trends, Federal [Trends](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/) › [Federal Prosecution Analysis](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal/) › [§2R1.1 Bid-Rigging, Price-Fixing or Market-Allocation Agreem](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-guideline-2r1-1-bid-rigging-price-fixing-or-market-allocation/) › §2R1.1: FY2025 **In brief:** In fiscal year 2025, 2 of the 18 people sentenced under §2R1.1 were convicted after a trial, and their median prison term was 33.5 months. The median after a guilty plea was 6 months. 9 people (50%) were sent to prison, and 16 (89%) pleaded guilty. Updated November 4, 2026 · Sources: U.S. Sentencing Commission and Federal Judicial Center, fiscal years 2016–2025 This post uses the U.S. Sentencing Commission's records of 18 people sentenced in federal court in fiscal year 2025\. Acquittals and dismissals come from a second source, the Federal Judicial Center's records of 753,808 federal defendants whose cases ended in fiscal years 2016 to 2025\. It is part of the [Federal Prosecution Analysis](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal/) series, which builds on [Military Moves Toward Sentencing Guidelines to Mirror the Federal System](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/military-sentencing-guidelines-federal-system/). How the numbers were built: [How the Federal Comparison Data Was Built](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-data-methodology/). ## Trial Convictions and Guilty Pleas 16 of the 18 people (89%) pleaded guilty, and 2 were convicted after a trial. The median prison term after a guilty plea was 6 months. After a trial it was 33.5 months, based on the 2 people convicted at trial and sent to prison. A median from 2 people is not a reliable measure of trial sentences. The data does not show how the facts or the counts differed between the plea group and the trial group. Among guilty pleas, 88% had a written plea agreement, and 13% were straight pleas with no agreement. A straight plea is a guilty plea with no written agreement. ## Prison and Probation 9 of the 18 (50%) received a prison term, and 4 (22%) received probation only, with no prison or other confinement. The median prison term among those sent to prison was 6 months. A quarter received 12 months or more, and a quarter received 6 months or less. 9 people (50%) were ordered to serve supervised release after prison, with a median term of 24 months. A fine was ordered for 17 (94%), and restitution for 3 (17%). A mandatory minimum prison term applied to 0 of the 18 people with that information recorded (0%). ## Guideline Range Positions Sentences were within the range for 7 people (39%). 6 (33%) were below the range at the government's request, and 5 (28%) were below the range without a government request. None was above the range. The all-years share within the range under §2R1.1 is 14%, so fiscal year 2025 was higher than that. For everyone sentenced in federal court in fiscal year 2025 under every guideline, the share was 51%. ## The Guideline and the Year Guideline §2R1.1 is titled "Bid-Rigging, Price-Fixing or Market-Allocation Agreements Among Competitors" in the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual. The U.S. Sentencing Commission counted 18 people in fiscal year 2025 whose primary guideline was §2R1.1\. The fiscal year ran from October 1, 2024 to September 30, 2025, and the offense type is Antitrust. All 18 were in the lowest criminal history category (100%). Court-martial records have no criminal history field. ## Where 2025 Fits in the Record From fiscal years 2016 to 2025, 184 people were sentenced under §2R1.1\. 43% were sent to prison, the median prison term was 6 months, and guilty pleas were 91%. Fiscal year 2025 had a higher share sent to prison, the same median prison term, and a lower share of guilty pleas. The table lists each year. It shows 8 people in 2024 and 17 in 2023\. The counts move from year to year, so 2025 alone is not a trend. For all guidelines in fiscal year 2025, 66,662 people were sentenced, with a median prison term of 24 months and guilty pleas of 98%. | Fiscal year | People sentenced | Median prison | Pleaded guilty | | ----------- | ---------------- | ------------- | -------------- | | 2016 | 19 | 5 months | 95% | | 2017 | 26 | 11 months | 77% | | 2018 | 53 | 8 months | 91% | | 2019 | 20 | 4 months | 100% | | 2020 | 9 | 8 months | 7 of 9 | | 2021 | 6 | 0 months | 6 of 6 | | 2022 | 8 | 14.9 months | 7 of 8 | | 2023 | 17 | 6 months | 100% | | 2024 | 8 | 5 months | 8 of 8 | | 2025 | 18 | 6 months | 89% | ## What the Data Leaves Out Only people who were convicted and sentenced are counted. Acquittals and dismissals are not in the data, and prison terms are the terms imposed, not time served. The approved crosswalk has no close court-martial counterpart for this guideline, so this post reports the federal numbers on their own. ### How We Counted Everyone sentenced in federal court in fiscal year 2025 whose primary sentencing guideline was §2R1.1 (18), U.S. Sentencing Commission individual data files. The primary guideline is the one that set the offense level for the most serious count. Federal fiscal years run from October 1 to September 30\. No person, judge, or lawyer is identified in any of these records. ### What to Keep in Mind **No parole in federal prison; credit for good conduct.** Federal prison has no parole for crimes committed on or after November 1, 1987\. A federal prisoner can earn up to 54 days of good conduct credit for each year of the sentence the judge imposed, which is about 15%. Some federal prisoners can also earn First Step Act time credits, but many offenses make a person ineligible. The numbers in this post are the sentences judges imposed, not the time people actually served. **Federal supervised release.** Most federal prison sentences are followed by a term of supervised release that the judge sets as part of the sentence. A person who violates it can be sent back to prison. A court-martial cannot sentence anyone to supervision after release. Military parole and mandatory supervised release are decided later by a board, not by the judge at trial. **Who decides the sentence, and under what rules.** Federal judges sentence every federal case. They must calculate the Sentencing Guidelines range, which is advisory, and must impose any mandatory minimum the statute requires unless an exception applies. In courts-martial, the accused could choose sentencing by members until the rules changed. For cases in which every guilty finding is for an offense committed after December 27, 2023, a military judge sentences alone, within sentencing parameters. Courts-martial tried in 2024 and later include both old-rule and new-rule cases, and the data cannot tell them apart. **Time periods.** Federal numbers are by federal fiscal year (October 1 to September 30), based on the sentencing date. The military numbers are by trial date. Neither source has the date of the offense, so a change in law shows up in either data set gradually. **How life sentences and "time served" are counted.** In the federal numbers, a life sentence is counted as 470 months, and any other sentence longer than 470 months is counted as just under 470 months. A sentence of "time served" is counted as one day (0.03 months). Averages are affected by these rules; medians much less. ## Related Analysis - [Military Moves Toward Sentencing Guidelines to Mirror the Federal System](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/military-sentencing-guidelines-federal-system/) (the background article) - [Federal Prosecution Analysis](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal/) (all federal posts) - [How the Federal Comparison Data Was Built](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-data-methodology/) (sources and method) - [§2R1.1 Bid-Rigging, Price-Fixing or Market-Allocation Agreements Among Competitors: Federal Sentences, FY2016–2025](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-guideline-2r1-1-bid-rigging-price-fixing-or-market-allocation/) (overview) - [How Often Federal Judges Sentence Outside the Guideline Range](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-sentences-outside-guideline-range/) - [Mandatory Minimums: How Many Federal Sentences Are Set by Congress](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-mandatory-minimum-sentences/) - [U.S. Sentencing Commission, Individual Offender Datafiles](https://www.ussc.gov/research/datafiles/commission-datafiles?ref=bodiesburied.com) (source) - [Federal Judicial Center, Integrated Database (criminal defendants)](https://www.fjc.gov/research/idb?ref=bodiesburied.com) (source) **About the author.** Jocelyn C. Stewart is a retired Army JAG with more than 24 years of trying courts-martial and more than 200 jury trials. She hosts *Where All The Bodies Are Buried* and runs the [Law Office of Jocelyn C. Stewart](https://www.ucmj-defender.com/?ref=bodiesburied.com). This analysis is for education and information only. It is not legal advice, and every case is different.