> ## Content Index > Fetch the complete content index at: https://www.bodiesburied.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover other available public pages before exploring further. # §2E1.1 Unlawful Conduct Relating to Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations: Federal Sentences, FY2016–2025 - URL: https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-guideline-2e1-1-unlawful-conduct-relating-to-racketeer-influenced-and/ - Published: 2026-11-03T01:39:52.000Z - Updated: 2026-11-03T01:39:52.000Z - Description: Guideline §2E1.1 covers unlawful conduct relating to racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations. In fiscal years 2016 to 2025, 511 people were sentenced under it, 458 (90%) were sent to prison, and the median prison term was 27 months (2.2 years). - Author: Jocelyn C. Stewart - Tags: Understanding Trends, Federal [Trends](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/) › [Federal Prosecution Analysis](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal/) › §2E1.1 **In brief:** Guideline §2E1.1 covers unlawful conduct relating to racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations. In fiscal years 2016 to 2025, 511 people were sentenced under it, 458 (90%) were sent to prison, and the median prison term was 27 months (2.2 years). Updated November 2, 2026 · Sources: U.S. Sentencing Commission and Federal Judicial Center, fiscal years 2016–2025 This post uses the U.S. Sentencing Commission's records of 511 people sentenced in federal court in fiscal years 2016 to 2025\. Acquittals and dismissals come from a second source, the Federal Judicial Center's records of 753,808 federal defendants whose cases ended in fiscal years 2016 to 2025\. It is part of the [Federal Prosecution Analysis](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal/) series, which builds on [Military Moves Toward Sentencing Guidelines to Mirror the Federal System](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/military-sentencing-guidelines-federal-system/). How the numbers were built: [How the Federal Comparison Data Was Built](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-data-methodology/). ## What Is Counted The Sentencing Guidelines Manual titles §2E1.1 "Unlawful Conduct Relating to Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations." The U.S. Sentencing Commission classifies all 511 people sentenced with it as their primary guideline as Extortion/Racketeering cases. The primary guideline is the one that set the offense level for the most serious count. Cases with more than one count are counted once, under that guideline. ## Prison Terms Prison was ordered for 458 people (90%), and probation only for 38 (7%). The median prison term was 27 months. A quarter of those sent to prison received 39.8 months or more, and a quarter received 15 months or less. ## Pleas and Trials A guilty plea was entered by 487 of 511 people (95%), and 24 were convicted after a trial. Among guilty pleas, 95% had a written plea agreement and 4% were straight pleas. After a guilty plea the median prison term was 27 months. After a trial it was 51 months, based on 17 people convicted at trial and sent to prison. That is a small group, so the trial median is less steady than the median for guilty pleas. The records do not match the groups by facts. ## Compared With the Guideline Range Within the range: 201 people (39%). Below the range at the government's request: 138 (27%). Below the range without that request: 144 (28%). Above the range: 28 (5%). Sentences below the range were about as common with a government request as without one. The records show only which side of the range each sentence fell on, not how far from it. ## Mandatory Minimums, Supervised Release, Fines, and Restitution A mandatory minimum prison term applied to 28 people (5%). Supervised release was ordered for 450 (88%), with a median term of 36 months. A fine was ordered for 23 (5%), and restitution for 46 (9%). In criminal history, 44% were in the lowest category and 13% in the highest. ## Fewer People in Recent Years In fiscal years 2016 to 2019, 328 people were sentenced and the median prison term was 27 months. In fiscal years 2020 to 2025, 183 people were sentenced and the median was 24 months. The yearly count was 142 in 2018 and 10 in 2025\. The median was 24 months in most years, and the highest was 33 months in 2019\. The records cannot show why fewer people were sentenced in later years. The share who pleaded guilty was 84% in 2020 and between 89% and 100% in the other years. | Fiscal year | People sentenced | Median prison | Pleaded guilty | | ----------- | ---------------- | ------------- | -------------- | | 2016 | 56 | 24 months | 100% | | 2017 | 68 | 24 months | 90% | | 2018 | 142 | 28 months | 97% | | 2019 | 62 | 33 months | 97% | | 2020 | 25 | 30 months | 84% | | 2021 | 31 | 24 months | 100% | | 2022 | 48 | 24 months | 100% | | 2023 | 47 | 24 months | 89% | | 2024 | 22 | 24 months | 95% | | 2025 | 10 | 25.5 months | 90% | ## What the Records Leave Out Acquittals and dismissals are not in this data. Prison terms are those imposed, not time served. The crosswalk has no close court-martial counterpart for this guideline, so the post reports federal numbers alone. ### How We Counted Everyone sentenced in federal court in fiscal years 2016 to 2025 whose primary sentencing guideline was §2E1.1 (511), from the U.S. Sentencing Commission's individual data files. The primary guideline is the one that set the offense level for the most serious count. Federal fiscal years run from October 1 to September 30\. No person, judge, or lawyer is identified in any of these records. ### What to Keep in Mind **No parole in federal prison; credit for good conduct.** Federal prison has no parole for crimes committed on or after November 1, 1987\. A federal prisoner can earn up to 54 days of good conduct credit for each year of the sentence the judge imposed, which is about 15%. Some federal prisoners can also earn First Step Act time credits, but many offenses make a person ineligible. The numbers in this post are the sentences judges imposed, not the time people actually served. **Federal supervised release.** Most federal prison sentences are followed by a term of supervised release that the judge sets as part of the sentence. A person who violates it can be sent back to prison. A court-martial cannot sentence anyone to supervision after release. Military parole and mandatory supervised release are decided later by a board, not by the judge at trial. **Who decides the sentence, and under what rules.** Federal judges sentence every federal case. They must calculate the Sentencing Guidelines range, which is advisory, and must impose any mandatory minimum the statute requires unless an exception applies. In courts-martial, the accused could choose sentencing by members until the rules changed. For cases in which every guilty finding is for an offense committed after December 27, 2023, a military judge sentences alone, within sentencing parameters. Courts-martial tried in 2024 and later include both old-rule and new-rule cases, and the data cannot tell them apart. **Time periods.** Federal numbers are by federal fiscal year (October 1 to September 30), based on the sentencing date. The military numbers are by trial date. Neither source has the date of the offense, so a change in law shows up in either data set gradually. **How life sentences and "time served" are counted.** In the federal numbers, a life sentence is counted as 470 months, and any other sentence longer than 470 months is counted as just under 470 months. A sentence of "time served" is counted as one day (0.03 months). Averages are affected by these rules; medians much less. **Mandatory minimum sentences.** Many federal statutes on drugs, images of child exploitation, child sex abuse, and firearms carry mandatory minimum prison terms. The UCMJ has mandatory minimums only for a few offenses (a dishonorable discharge or dismissal for rape and sexual assault, and life for premeditated murder). Federal sentences for these offenses are partly set by Congress, not by the judge. ## Related Analysis - [Military Moves Toward Sentencing Guidelines to Mirror the Federal System](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/military-sentencing-guidelines-federal-system/) (the background article) - [Federal Prosecution Analysis](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal/) (all federal posts) - [How the Federal Comparison Data Was Built](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-data-methodology/) (sources and method) - [§2E3.1 Gambling Offenses: Federal Sentences, FY2016–2025](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-guideline-2e3-1-gambling-offenses/) (same guideline chapter part) - [§2E4.1 Unlawful Conduct Relating to Contraband Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco: Federal Sentences, FY2016–2025](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-guideline-2e4-1-unlawful-conduct-relating-to-contraband-cigarettes-and/) (same guideline chapter part) - [§2E2.1 Making or Financing an Extortionate Extension of Credit: Federal Sentences, FY2016–2025](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-guideline-2e2-1-making-or-financing-an-extortionate-extension-of/) (same guideline chapter part) - [§2E1.4 Use of Interstate Commerce Facilities in the Commission of Murder-For-Hire: Federal Sentences, FY2016–2025](https://www.bodiesburied.com/trends/federal-guideline-2e1-4-use-of-interstate-commerce-facilities-in-the/) (same guideline chapter part) - [U.S. Sentencing Commission, Individual Offender Datafiles](https://www.ussc.gov/research/datafiles/commission-datafiles?ref=bodiesburied.com) (source) - [Federal Judicial Center, Integrated Database (criminal defendants)](https://www.fjc.gov/research/idb?ref=bodiesburied.com) (source) **About the author.** Jocelyn C. Stewart is a retired Army JAG with more than 24 years of trying courts-martial and more than 200 jury trials. She hosts *Where All The Bodies Are Buried* and runs the [Law Office of Jocelyn C. Stewart](https://www.ucmj-defender.com/?ref=bodiesburied.com). This analysis is for education and information only. It is not legal advice, and every case is different.