§2E1.1 Unlawful Conduct Relating to Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations: Federal Sentences, Fiscal Year 2025
Fiscal year 2025 had 10 people sentenced with §2E1.1 as the primary guideline, the smallest yearly group in the table. All 10 received a prison term, and the median was 25.5 months. 9 pleaded guilty and 1 was convicted after a trial.
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Trends › Federal Prosecution Analysis › §2E1.1 Unlawful Conduct Relating to Racketeer Influenced and › §2E1.1: FY2025
In brief: Fiscal year 2025 had 10 people sentenced with §2E1.1 as the primary guideline, the smallest yearly group in the table. All 10 received a prison term, and the median was 25.5 months. 9 pleaded guilty and 1 was convicted after a trial.
This post uses the U.S. Sentencing Commission's records of 10 people sentenced in federal court in fiscal year 2025. Acquittals and dismissals come from a second source, the Federal Judicial Center's records of 753,808 federal defendants whose cases ended in fiscal years 2016 to 2025. It is part of the Federal Prosecution Analysis series, which builds on Military Moves Toward Sentencing Guidelines to Mirror the Federal System. How the numbers were built: How the Federal Comparison Data Was Built.
A Group of 10 People
The U.S. Sentencing Commission recorded 10 people in fiscal year 2025 whose primary guideline was §2E1.1, titled "Unlawful Conduct Relating to Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations" in the Guidelines Manual. With a group this small, each person accounts for 10% of the total, so the percentages below should be read with care.
All 10 (100%) were sentenced to prison. None received probation only. The median prison term was 25.5 months (2.1 years). A quarter received 35.2 months or more, and a quarter received 14.3 months or less.
Pleas and the Single Trial
9 of the 10 people (90%) pleaded guilty, and 1 was convicted after a trial. Of the 9 guilty pleas, 8 had a written plea agreement and 1 was a straight plea with no agreement.
The median prison term after a guilty plea was 24 months. For the one person convicted at trial it was 36 months. A single case cannot show how trials compare with pleas under this guideline.
Only convicted and sentenced people are in the Commission's files. Acquittals and dismissals are left out.
Position Against the Guideline Range
Within the range: 4 people (40%). Below the range at the government's request: 2 (20%). Below the range without a government request: 4 (40%). Above the range: none.
The all-years share within the range for §2E1.1 is 39%, and the share across all guidelines in fiscal year 2025 is 51%. The fiscal year 2025 share under this guideline was about the same as the all-years share and lower than the all-guidelines share.
| Fiscal year | People sentenced | Median prison | Pleaded guilty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 56 | 24 months | 100% |
| 2017 | 68 | 24 months | 90% |
| 2018 | 142 | 28 months | 97% |
| 2019 | 62 | 33 months | 97% |
| 2020 | 25 | 30 months | 84% |
| 2021 | 31 | 24 months | 100% |
| 2022 | 48 | 24 months | 100% |
| 2023 | 47 | 24 months | 89% |
| 2024 | 22 | 24 months | 95% |
| 2025 | 10 | 25.5 months | 90% |
Mandatory Minimums, Supervised Release, and Money Orders
No mandatory minimum prison term applied to any of the 10 people. 9 (90%) were ordered to serve supervised release, with a median term of 36 months. No fine and no restitution was ordered for anyone in the group.
30% were in criminal history category I, the lowest. 10% were in category VI, the highest. Court-martial records do not track criminal history.
Earlier Years and Every Guideline Together
Fiscal year 2024 had 22 people under §2E1.1, a median prison term of 24 months, and 14% within the range. Fiscal year 2025 is the last year in the table.
From fiscal years 2016 to 2025, 511 people were sentenced under this guideline. 90% went to prison, the median prison term was 27 months, and 95% pleaded guilty.
Across all guidelines, 66,662 people were sentenced in federal court in fiscal year 2025, with a median prison term of 24 months and 98% guilty pleas. The offense type the Commission assigns to the 10 cases here is Extortion/Racketeering.
Limits on What the Records Show
Fiscal year 2025 began October 1, 2024 and ended September 30, 2025. A group of 10 is too small to describe a trend, and prison terms here are sentences imposed, not time served.
The approved crosswalk has no close court-martial counterpart for this guideline, so the numbers stand alone. The files give no facts about any case and no reasons for any sentence.
How We Counted
Everyone sentenced in federal court in fiscal year 2025 whose primary sentencing guideline was §2E1.1 (10), U.S. Sentencing Commission individual data files. The primary guideline is the one that set the offense level for the most serious count.
Federal fiscal years run from October 1 to September 30. No person, judge, or lawyer is identified in any of these records.
What to Keep in Mind
No parole in federal prison; credit for good conduct. Federal prison has no parole for crimes committed on or after November 1, 1987. A federal prisoner can earn up to 54 days of good conduct credit for each year of the sentence the judge imposed, which is about 15%. Some federal prisoners can also earn First Step Act time credits, but many offenses make a person ineligible. The numbers in this post are the sentences judges imposed, not the time people actually served.
Federal supervised release. Most federal prison sentences are followed by a term of supervised release that the judge sets as part of the sentence. A person who violates it can be sent back to prison. A court-martial cannot sentence anyone to supervision after release. Military parole and mandatory supervised release are decided later by a board, not by the judge at trial.
Who decides the sentence, and under what rules. Federal judges sentence every federal case. They must calculate the Sentencing Guidelines range, which is advisory, and must impose any mandatory minimum the statute requires unless an exception applies. In courts-martial, the accused could choose sentencing by members until the rules changed. For cases in which every guilty finding is for an offense committed after December 27, 2023, a military judge sentences alone, within sentencing parameters. Courts-martial tried in 2024 and later include both old-rule and new-rule cases, and the data cannot tell them apart.
Time periods. Federal numbers are by federal fiscal year (October 1 to September 30), based on the sentencing date. The military numbers are by trial date. Neither source has the date of the offense, so a change in law shows up in either data set gradually.
How life sentences and "time served" are counted. In the federal numbers, a life sentence is counted as 470 months, and any other sentence longer than 470 months is counted as just under 470 months. A sentence of "time served" is counted as one day (0.03 months). Averages are affected by these rules; medians much less.
Related Analysis
- Military Moves Toward Sentencing Guidelines to Mirror the Federal System (the background article)
- Federal Prosecution Analysis (all federal posts)
- How the Federal Comparison Data Was Built (sources and method)
- §2E1.1 Unlawful Conduct Relating to Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations: Federal Sentences, FY2016–2025 (overview)
- §2E1.1 Unlawful Conduct Relating to Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations: Federal Sentences, Fiscal Year 2024 (previous or next fiscal year)
- How Often Federal Judges Sentence Outside the Guideline Range
- Mandatory Minimums: How Many Federal Sentences Are Set by Congress
- U.S. Sentencing Commission, Individual Offender Datafiles (source)
- Federal Judicial Center, Integrated Database (criminal defendants) (source)
About the author. Jocelyn C. Stewart is a retired Army JAG with more than 24 years of trying courts-martial and more than 200 jury trials. She hosts Where All The Bodies Are Buried and runs the Law Office of Jocelyn C. Stewart. This analysis is for education and information only. It is not legal advice, and every case is different.